Earthquakes on Santorini: Comprehensive up-to-date overview of recent earthquake activity in the region.
Earthquakes on Santorini
Seismic activity has continued to shake Santorini, with recent quakes reaching magnitudes of 4.5 and 4.3. The tremors have been frequent, occurring almost every five minutes, with numerous smaller shocks recorded in the early hours of 3 February 2025.
According to experts, the epicentres of these tremors have been shifting northeast from Santorini, prompting concerns about the potential for a stronger quake. With over 500 tremors documented in the Cyclades recently, authorities are monitoring the situation closely.
While these events are not volcanic in nature, the ongoing seismic activity suggests that the region remains vulnerable to further disturbances.
Extreme Scenario for a 6-Richter Earthquake
Eftyhios Lekkas spoke on MEGA regarding the recent seismic activity in the Cyclades. He stated that the idea of a 6-Richter earthquake is regarded as extreme. The probability of such an event diminishes significantly with increasing magnitude.
According to him, a 5-magnitude earthquake is possible, while the likelihood drops for a 5.5 magnitude, and the chances of a 6-magnitude earthquake are exceedingly low.
Lekkas and his colleagues concur that reaching such a high magnitude is unlikely.
In terms of preventive measures that have been established, Lekkas emphasised the importance of preparedness. He noted that these precautions should have been in place for past occurrences.
He affirmed that the current actions are coordinated under the leadership of Minister Kikilia.
This preventive approach consists of various initiatives aimed at ensuring readiness, even for worst-case scenarios. Lekkas considers this a commendable and well-organised effort by the ministry, highlighting the unprecedented nature of the situation in the country.
As for the evolution of seismic activity, Lekkas explained that such phenomena cannot simply end within a day or two. They may persist for several days, weeks, or even months. The duration of the seismic activity is unpredictable.
Thus, he insisted that being prepared for extreme scenarios is crucial, even if the reality of such occurrences is minimal.
When questioned about the potential for a volcanic eruption in Santorini, Lekkas clarified that an explosion is not on the horizon.
There may be minor volcanic activity, which could suggest the volcano is stirring, but it should not be equated with an imminent eruption.
He pointed out that the geological characteristics of Santorini and surrounding islands are varied, adding complexity to the landscape.
Seismic Activity in the Cyclades
The Cyclades region has been witnessing increased seismic activity recently. This is often seen as a part of the natural geological processes that affect areas with volcanic history.
The presence of a caldera in Santorini, formed by the collapse of a volcanic eruption, adds to the geological interest of the area. Seismology plays a vital role in monitoring and understanding these activities.
The seismic risk in regions like the Cyclades is influenced by various factors. These include the geological structure, the history of previous earthquakes, and ongoing volcanic activity.
Continuous research in geophysics is essential to assess these risks accurately.
The scientific community closely examines earthquake sequences as they provide insights into the behaviour of tectonic plates and the potential for future events.
Understanding the Seismic Risk
Seismic risk can be seen as the combination of the likelihood of an earthquake occurring and the potential impact it could have on lives and infrastructure.
With the heightened seismic activity noted recently, scientists are particularly vigilant. They analyse data to determine patterns and potential risks.
The seismic sequence observed can inform predictions and, importantly, help guide safety measures.
In assessing the seismic activity, it is essential to look at historical data.
Past earthquakes provide valuable lessons on how to mitigate risks associated with seismic events.
For instance, understanding the impacts of previous earthquakes helps in planning future preventive measures.
Earthquake Magnitude Scale
- 4.0 to 4.9: Light earthquakes, often felt but rarely causing damage.
- 5.0 to 5.9: Moderate earthquakes, can cause damage to weak structures.
- 6.0 to 6.9: Strong earthquakes, may cause severe damage in populated areas.
- 7.0 and above: Major earthquakes with the potential for widespread destruction.
Preparedness and Public Safety
An essential aspect of dealing with potential seismic events is public safety.
Authorities in the region have been proactive in emphasising readiness.
Following some recent smaller seismic events, officials have conducted public awareness campaigns.
These initiatives inform citizens about the actions they can take to protect themselves during earthquakes.
Key preventive measures include:
- Emergency kits with essentials such as food, water, and medical supplies.
- Evacuation plans detailing safe routes away from potential hazards.
- Destruction assessments post-event to ascertain damage and the need for rebuilding.
Training for emergency responders is also critical. It ensures that they are prepared to act quickly and efficiently in the event of a significant earthquake.
This proactive stance helps to mitigate the impact and protect lives.
Monitoring Geological Activity
Monitoring is an integral part of understanding seismic behaviour.
Sophisticated equipment and technologies are employed to track vibrations and shifts in the earth’s crust.
Continuous advancements in geology and seismology provide scientists with tools to foresee and potentially predict seismic events.
Geophysical studies contribute to this understanding by examining the physical properties of the earth’s materials and structures beneath the surface.
This research is essential in building models that can simulate different earthquake scenarios.
The scientists involved in seismic studies are often part of collaborative efforts, sharing data with international agencies to enhance overall understanding.
Such teamwork ensures a comprehensive approach to monitoring seismic risks.
Recent Seismic Events
Recent seismic events in the Cyclades indicate a pattern of activity. For instance, minor tremors can often precede larger quakes, forming what is known as a seismic swarm.
Researchers observe these occurrences with close attention, seeking clues about the earth’s behaviour beneath the surface.
By assessing the most recent earthquake data, scientists aim to create a clearer picture of the active faults in the region. This approach helps to inform both the public and policymakers about necessary precautions.
Key Recent Earthquake Observations:
- Increased frequency of tremors: An uptick in smaller earthquakes often points to underlying geophysical changes.
- Monitoring volcanic indicators: Changes in ground deformation and gas emissions are key factors in predicting volcanic activity.
- Community feedback: Reports from citizens experiencing tremors contribute to data collection.
The Importance of Continued Research
The ongoing research is not just for immediate safety; it also looks toward the future.
Understanding seismic and volcanic interactions can help anticipate risks.
With areas like Santorini being famous for both tourism and geological interest, there is a push to balance safety with economic considerations.
The interplay between human activity—such as tourism—and natural phenomena is carefully considered in planning.
As these regions grow in popularity, it is crucial that safety measures evolve alongside developments. This ensures that the infrastructure remains resilient in the face of potential geological challenges.
Recent quake also felt on Crete
The most recent quake with a magnitude of 4.9 on the Richter scale was also felt on Crete this morning at 11.29 am.
On Santorini, landslides are now also occurring on the volcanic slope. Many residents are leaving their homes and sleeping in their cars or in tents if they have not already left the island.
In addition, access to the areas of Ammoudi, Armeni and the old harbour of Fira has been prohibited.
Βρυχάται η γη κάτω από την Σαντορίνη έχουνε ξεκινήσει από τις πρωινές ώρες κατολισθήσεις στην Καλντέρα pic.twitter.com/d47Alroqp1
— Forecast Weather Greece (@ForecastGreece) February 3, 2025
Families and Tourists Are Leaving the Island
Ferries and planes are fully booked as both locals and tourists urgently depart from Santorini. The ongoing seismic activity has created a climate of fear, prompting many to leave quickly to avoid experiencing a more intense earthquake.
Long queues formed outside ticket offices in Fira on Sunday evening. People were seen rushing to purchase ferry tickets, clutching their bags tightly, eager to move away from the island.
The atmosphere was one of concern as many residents believed it prudent to find safety elsewhere at least until the seismic activity calms down.
The demand for transportation options has surged, resulting in scarce availability of tickets for Aegean and Sky Express flights. This has caused one-way fares to soar to around £200.
With tourism being a key economic driver for Santorini, this sudden exodus indicates significant concern among visitors about their safety.
The scene in Santorini is tense. Many citizens have resorted to sleeping in their vehicles or outdoors as they navigate the uncertainty brought about by these tremors.
Despite the chaos, a prominent seismologist, Efthymios Lekkas, has stated that there is currently no need for such rapid evacuations. He emphasised that the risk associated with the seismic events is under control.
Current Situation and Responses
As families decide to leave, local authorities and tourism agencies are addressing the situation. The following points outline the current challenges and responses regarding the movement of people:
- High Demand for Transportation: The influx of tourists trying to leave has led to a significant increase in demand for available transport.
- Limited Choices: With flights and ferries booked for several days ahead, many travellers may struggle to find immediate passage.
- Tourist Sentiment: The prevailing mood among many visitors is one of anxiety, leading to a greater sense of urgency in their desire to evacuate.
Impact on Beach Areas and Port Activities
The departure of tourists and residents has ramifications for designated coastal areas and ports. The picturesque beaches that typically attract visitors are now less populated, impacting local businesses that rely on tourism.
The influx of individuals seeking transport has created disturbances in normal port operations.
- Port Crowding: Major ports are experiencing overwhelming numbers of people seeking a way off the island.
- Beach Closures: Some beach areas have been closed to maintain safety amid the ongoing seismic activity.
Travel Advisories
Given the circumstances, travel agencies are issuing advisories to both tourists and locals.
Visitors are encouraged to stay updated on travel options and status reports from official sources.
The potential for additional seismic events necessitates vigilance while enjoying beach areas and public spaces.
- Stay Informed: Tourists should regularly check with travel agencies for updates on ferry and flight availability.
- Expect Delays: Increased traffic at both air and sea ports may result in longer than usual wait times.
Tourist Reactions
The recent events have sparked varied reactions among the tourist population. While some individuals chose to leave promptly, others are opting to remain.
Those that decide to stay often cite a desire to enjoy their holiday despite the circumstances.
Some key factors influencing their decisions include:
- Safety Perception: While Dr Lekkas reassures that staying is safe, many tourists remain sceptical.
- Partially Cancelled Plans: Some vacation plans have been affected, causing frustration among those who had scheduled activities.
Local Infrastructure Strain
The heightened volume of people departing from the island has placed notable strain on local infrastructure. Both transportation services and accommodation facilities are strained as they adjust to the sudden influx of evacuees.
- Accommodation Shortages: Many residents who wish to leave may find fully booked hotels and shelters, thus complicating the escape process.
- Transportation Overload: The surge in demand can also overwhelm public transport systems.
Government and Local Authority Actions
In response to the situation, local government officials are working alongside emergency services to facilitate safe travel options for those in need.
- Increased Services: Enhanced ferry and flight services have been proposed to accommodate the sudden demand.
- Public Safety Communications: Authorities are disseminating clear messaging about the current state of risk and safety measures.
Community Solidarity
As families and tourists navigate this difficult situation, there is also a sense of community solidarity.
Neighbours are helping one another to organise transport and share resources, reflecting the resilience of the local populace.
Community groups are actively facilitating assistance to those who are struggling to find last-minute travel options.
Understanding Local Resilience
The resilience of the local population is evident as they adapt to the changing circumstances.
- Community Gatherings: Locals are forming support groups to help each other cope with the stress and fear caused by the seismic activity.
- Shared Resources: Community initiatives are pooling resources to assist those most affected.
Looking Forward
Although the immediate focus is on leaving the island, the resilience and unity displayed by both locals and tourists will contribute potential for recovery.
The beauty of Santorini, with its stunning vistas, unique cultural richness, and vibrant atmosphere, remains an alluring asset that many hope to experience again in the future.
Efforts to restore normalcy will depend on the stabilisation of the seismic activity and the re-establishment of confidence among the travel community.
The ongoing situation serves as a reminder of the fragility of such tourist destinations in the face of natural events.
The coming weeks will be critical for both residents and tourists as they work together to navigate these challenges while ensuring safety and preparedness for potential future occurrences.
Maintaining communication and understanding will be key components as Santorini aims to bounce back from this unsettling chapter and return to its status as a prime holiday destination for visitors worldwide.
Schools Closed in Santorini, Anafi, Amorgo, Antiparos, Paros, Naxos, and Ios
Due to significant seismic activity, schools in several areas have been ordered to remain closed. This decision affects educational institutions in Santorini, Anafi, Amorgo, Ios, Antiparos, Paros, and Naxos. The closure is a precautionary measure aimed at ensuring the safety of students and staff.
On Sunday afternoon, the 2nd of February 2025, a meeting took place led by the President of the Greek Organisation for Earthquake Planning and Protection (OASP), Professor Efthymios Lekkas.
This gathering included two key committees: the Permanent Scientific Committee for the Assessment of Seismic Risk and the Reduction of Seismic Hazard, and the Permanent Scientific Committee for Monitoring the Greek Volcanic Arc.
The meeting convened at the Ministry of Climate Crisis and Civil Protection, attended by notable officials including Minister Vasilis Kikilias and Deputy Minister Evgenios Tournas. Important representatives from the Fire Service leadership were also present.
The committees recommended that schools should remain closed on Monday, 3rd February 2025, in Santorini, Anafi, Ios, and Amorgo. The decision reflects a proactive approach to managing the increased seismic risk in the region.
The mayor of Antiparos announced via a Facebook post that schools in the municipality will also remain closed on that Monday.
He stated that the decision was made due to heightened seismic activity in the sea area between Santorini and Amorgo, emphasising the precautionary nature of this measure. The message stated: “For precautionary reasons, all educational institutions will not operate tomorrow, Monday, 3rd February 2025, in Antiparos.”
List of Areas Affected by School Closures
- Santorini
- Anafi
- Amorgo
- Ios
- Antiparos
- Paros
- Naxos
Precautionary Measures
The decision to close schools stems from the ongoing assessment of seismic risks in the region.
The committees involved are responsible for analysing seismic data and advising on safety procedures. Given the geological activity in the area, these precautionary measures are deemed necessary to protect the community.
Parents and guardians in the affected areas are encouraged to stay informed through local news channels and official social media pages.
This communication is vital to ensure that everyone is aware of any further developments or updates regarding school operations.
Recommendations for Residents
Residents are urged to adhere to any additional safety recommendations issued by local authorities. These may include:
- Staying indoors during tremors: If an earthquake occurs, it is advisable to remain inside until it is safe to exit.
- Securing heavy objects: Households should ensure that furniture and other large items are secured to prevent them from falling during seismic events.
- Preparing emergency kits: It is useful for families to have emergency supplies on hand, including water, food, first aid kits, and flashlights.
The local authorities are closely monitoring the situation and will continue to provide updates as needed.
Safety remains the top priority for all residents in these areas.
In light of these events, it is essential for students and parents to assess their preparedness for potential emergencies.
Schools will coordinate with local emergency services to ensure effective communication and safety protocols are understood by all.
Community Response
Communities in the affected areas are coming together to support one another during this time.
Local organisations may offer resources and support for families needing assistance. Engaging with community centres and local groups can provide additional guidance on how to respond in emergencies.
Officials have encouraged residents to participate in discussions about safety measures and to be proactive about learning how to react in case of adverse events, such as earthquakes.
Training sessions or workshops may be offered to educate the public on safety and preparedness.
Continued Vigilance
The residents of Santorini, Anafi, Amorgo, Ios, Antiparos, Paros, and Naxos are reminded of the importance of vigilance in the face of seismic activity.
Regularly reviewing safety protocols and staying updated on any official guidelines is crucial.
The authorities are dedicated to ensuring the safety of the population and will continue to monitor the seismic situation closely.
Any changes to school closures or public safety measures will be communicated promptly.
It is important for the community to remain calm and to follow all guidance provided by local leaders and emergency services.
Working together will help ensure that everyone can face challenges effectively while maintaining safety and peace of mind.
Each update from local officials will aim to keep the public informed about the situation, and residents are advised to maintain an open line of communication with schools and local authorities.
The State of Readiness for the Authorities
In light of recent seismic activity, local authorities on the islands are highly advising residents to exercise caution. The following guidelines are crucial for ensuring public safety:
- Individuals should steer clear of large gatherings inside buildings.
- Approaching abandoned structures is not recommended.
- Access to the ports of Ammoudi, Armenis, Korfu, and the Old Port of Fira should be avoided.
- Residents are urged to remove any hazardous non-structural elements from their buildings and to drain water from swimming pools to prevent potential accidents.
- When travelling within urban areas and on rural roads, it is important to select safe routes, especially in locations with steep terrain where landslides could occur.
- A strict evacuation from coastal areas is advised in the event of a strong seismic tremor.
To enhance public safety, the National Centre for Emergency Medical Assistance (EKAB) is deploying strong medical teams to Santorini, followed by missions to Amorgos and Ios.
The presence of rescue teams has been determined essential due to the series of significant earthquakes measuring 4.7, 4.6, 4.3, and 4 on the Richter scale.
As part of ongoing operational readiness and preventive measures, EKAB is reinforcing its response mechanisms on Santorini, Amorgos, and Ios.
This operational arm of the Ministry of Climate Crisis and Civil Protection is focused on ensuring that skilled personnel are available.
The teams from EKAB in these regions are supported by a unit from the Special Disaster Medical Team (ETIK-EKAB), which includes a doctor and paramedics equipped with essential medical technology. Additional paramedics and ambulances bolster the response efforts.
Moreover, the Health Operations Centre (KEPY-EKAB) and the Unified Coordinating Centre for Operations (ESKE-EKAB) are on heightened alert, ensuring continuous coordination and immediate response to the public’s needs.
The priority for EKAB and relevant authorities remains firmly on safeguarding public health and managing any emergency situations effectively.
Their readiness underscores a commitment to maintain safety and provide swift assistance as circumstances evolve.
Flights from Santorini sold out
Aegean Airlines has responded to increased demand by adding two additional flights to its Santorini to Athens route for Monday and Tuesday.
This decision was prompted by growing concerns surrounding the rise in seismic activity near the island.
In recent days, over 200 underwater earthquakes have unsettled residents, visitors, and the local business community.
The earthquake swarm has caused unease among those on the island, leading many to seek early departures.
As a result, tickets for flights are selling out quickly.
Travellers are urged to act fast if they wish to secure a spot on one of the extra flights.
The ongoing seismic events have prompted authorities to remain vigilant. Some measures include closing schools and monitoring the situation closely.
Further information can be found about these added services from Aegean Airlines due to the seismic activity concerns.
It is essential for all individuals planning to travel from Santorini to stay informed about flight availability as the situation develops.
Those contemplating travel are advised to constantly check for updates, given the unpredictable nature of these recent events.
Travel warning from the British Foreign Office
On Sunday, February 2, 2025, the British Foreign Office issued a travel advisory regarding increased seismic activity in Santorini and Amorgos.
This warning aims to inform UK citizens currently visiting or planning to visit these areas.
Due to the recent uptick in earthquakes, officials from the Greek Ministry of Civil Protection have suggested certain precautions for tourist safety.
Seismic Activity in Santorini and Amorgos
Recently, Santorini and its neighbouring island, Amorgos, have experienced a notable rise in seismic activity.
Reports indicate that over the last 48 hours, more than 200 tremors have been detected in this region.
Such activity has raised concerns among local authorities and prompted them to take precautionary measures.
The advisory specifically mentions that gatherings in enclosed spaces should be avoided.
This is particularly important in light of the ongoing seismic threats.
Tourists are encouraged to stay alert and to heed local authority advice while exploring these popular destinations.
Precautions for Tourists
The British Foreign Office has outlined several guidelines for travellers in these regions:
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Avoid Large Gatherings: Visitors are advised to refrain from attending large events in closed environments. This helps minimise the risk should an earthquake occur.
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Stay Away from Ports: Specifically, it is recommended that tourists avoid the ports of Amoudi and the Old Port in Fira.
These areas may be at higher risk during seismic events and could potentially become hazardous.
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Follow Local News: Travellers should stay updated by monitoring local news reports regarding seismic activity and any instructions from local authorities.
Advice from Greek Authorities
The Greek authorities have been proactive in managing the situation.
They have established communication channels for disseminating information promptly.
The Ministry of Civil Protection urges both locals and tourists to be prepared for potential earthquakes.
Emergency Contacts
In the event of an emergency, it is crucial for visitors to have access to important contact numbers.
Here are some essential contacts for tourists in Greece:
- Emergency Services: 112 (This number can be dialled for any emergency, including medical assistance)
- British Embassy in Greece
The Santorini earthquake of 1956 with 7.6 magnitude on the Richter scale
The 1956 earthquake that struck near Santorini is well-remembered as one of the most significant seismic events in Greece’s history.
Occurring on 9 July 1956, this disaster registered a magnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale, resulting in widespread destruction across the region.
The seismic shock had its epicentre in the waters close to the island of Amorgos, a location which has been the source of significant geological activity over the years.
Following the earthquake, a massive tsunami accompanied the tremors, reaching heights of up to 25 metres.
The destruction it caused was devastating. Reports indicate that at least 53 lives were lost and over 100 people were injured.
Approximately 35% of the buildings on Santorini sustained complete destruction, while 45% suffered varying degrees of damage.
It was noted that almost all public structures were entirely obliterated.
The earthquake occurred within the Aegean Sea, an area known for its complex tectonic activity.
The region is primarily affected by the movement of the Earth’s plates, which has led to numerous tremors throughout history.
Current scientific findings suggest that the seismic activities in the region are largely due to the interactions of multiple fault lines.
Dr. Efthimis Lekkas, an expert in dynamic tectonics, has stated that recent tremors in Santorini, including those registering around 4.7 in magnitude, stem from the Amorgos Fault.
This fault line is still considered active but is not expected to generate another catastrophic earthquake on the scale of the 1956 disaster.
According to him, the accumulation of energy in the fault could result in tremors between 5.0 and 5.5 magnitude but not exceed a magnitude of six.
As scientists monitor the situation, they express confidence that a repeat of the 1956 disaster is unlikely.
The recent geological activity has reignited fears of escalating seismic events.
Scientists have observed a pattern of increasing tremors and shifting epicentres moving gradually northeast from Santorini.
This could imply a build-up of stress along local fault lines.
With over 550 tremors recorded in just ten days, including 183 felt quakes of a magnitude over three, experts continue to analyse the ongoing seismic sequence for potential risks.
On 2 February 2025, Gerasimos Papadopoulos, a respected seismologist, warned that these seismic activities could potentially indicate a larger quake on the horizon.
He indicated that while the current events were tectonic and not volcanic, the increase in tremors and varying magnitudes pointed towards an escalating risk.
Despite the uncertainty, many experts maintain that the ongoing seismic activity highlights the need for ongoing monitoring and preparedness in the affected areas.
In light of recent events, authorities have taken proactive measures to enhance public safety in Santorini and its neighbouring islands.
Schools were closed to protect students and staff from potential danger, reflecting the serious approach taken by local officials.
The Greek Fire Brigade’s Special Disaster Response Unit has deployed 26 members to the island, establishing a base at the local indoor stadium for emergency coordination.
The tents set up cater to both operational needs and the accommodation of response teams, ensuring they remain ready for any emergencies.
Residents and visitors are urged to adhere to safety recommendations in response to the tremors.
Guidelines include avoiding large indoor gatherings and steering clear of abandoned buildings, which may pose risks of collapse.
Ports such as Ammoudi, Armeni, Korfos, and the Old Port of Fira have restricted access to prevent dangers associated with potential tsunamis or landslides.
Moreover, authorities encourage individuals on the island to mitigate risks by removing hazardous items in their homes and draining swimming pools.
When travelling, individuals are advised to remain cautious, especially on steep slopes that may be prone to landslides.
In case of a strong earthquake, the safest option is to evacuate from coastal areas to avoid dangers posed by rising waters.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the possible effects of seismic activity in Santorini on local buildings?
Seismic activity in Santorini can impact local infrastructure in several ways.
Structures may suffer from cracks or even partial collapse depending on the magnitude of the earthquake.
Additionally, essential services such as water, electricity, and communication lines may be disrupted, leading to potential emergencies.
How is volcanic activity in Santorini connected to the occurrence of earthquakes?
The volcano in Santorini remains active, and its activity often correlates with earthquakes.
As magma moves within the earth, it can create pressure against surrounding rocks, resulting in seismic events.
Thus, increased volcanic activity may indicate a higher likelihood of earthquakes occurring in the region.
What systems are implemented for early earthquake detection and alerting in Santorini?
Santorini has established monitoring systems to detect seismic movements.
These systems employ a network of seismic stations that track ground vibrations and provide data to local authorities.
In the event of significant activity, alerts can be issued to warn residents and tourists.
What actions should visitors take if an earthquake occurs while they are in Santorini?
If an earthquake strikes while tourists are on the island, they should remain calm and follow safety procedures.
It’s advisable to stay indoors if one is inside a building, moving away from windows and heavy furniture.
If outside, finding an open area away from buildings, trees, and streetlights is best.
How has the seismic history of Santorini shaped its architecture?
The architectural designs in Santorini have been influenced by the island’s seismic history.
Many buildings are constructed using locally available materials that can better withstand earthquakes.
Traditional Cycladic architecture often features simple shapes and reinforced structures to increase stability.
What significant historical seismic events have affected Santorini?
Santorini has experienced several notable seismic events throughout history.
One of the most destructive eruptions occurred around 1600 BC, which was pivotal in shaping the island.
Additionally, the last major eruption in the area was in 1950, which remains a point of reference for local seismic studies.